Core Tip: Controversy over monitoring standards for air quality in major cities such as Beijing has finally come to fruition. The Ministry of Environmental Protection informed yesterday that the amended version of the “Ambient Air Quality Standard†publicly solicited opinions for the second time from yesterday, including the parties involved in the controversy of PM2.5 and ozone (8-hour concentration) into routine air quality assessment, and tightened PM10 and nitrogen oxides. Items and other standard limits. This is also the first time China has established the PM2.5 standard.
The pollution problem of PM2.5 highlights the frequent occurrence of haze in cities such as Beijing after the fall of haze, and the monitoring of PM2.5 by American embassies and private citizens has rapidly made the term “PM2.5†popular. According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection, PM2.5 is one of the “crimes†that cause haze. In recent years, with coal-based energy consumption rising sharply and the number of motor vehicles increasing rapidly, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and other regions have seen frequent haze. The issue of PM2.5 pollution has become increasingly prominent. The current "Ambient Air Quality Standard" cannot fully meet the requirements of air quality management.
The draft of the consultation revised the classification scheme of the ambient air quality functional areas, and incorporated specific industrial areas into residential areas, commercial traffic residential mixed areas, cultural areas, industrial areas, and rural areas, and added particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration limits and ozone. The 8-hour average concentration limit tightens the particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration limits and improves the validity of data statistics.
At the same time, the Ministry of Environmental Protection also revised the existing air quality evaluation system, increased ozone, carbon monoxide and PM2.5 three indicators, and requested an increase in real-time release on the basis of the daily report.
Responsibility for mitigating public feelings and monitoring is inconsistent with the person in charge of the Ministry of Environmental Protection Technology Standards Division. According to the current ambient air quality evaluation system, the assessment results of some regional and urban ambient air quality in China are not completely consistent with the subjective experience of the people. Putting PM2.5 into the scope of mandatory pollutant monitoring will not only address the need for environmental management such as ash, but also help improve the scientific level of environmental air quality assessment work, and help eliminate or mitigate public self-perception and monitoring results. Exactly the same phenomenon."
The publicity will continue until December 5 this year.
â– Unclear why the new PM2.5 standard?
PM2.5 pollution in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, etc. is prominent. The Ministry of Environmental Protection mentioned in the revised version that PM2.5 pollution in Beijing, Tianjin, Chongqing, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta is more prominent. “The relevant national policies also require the above In the region to strengthen the prevention and control of PM2.5 pollution, the relevant authorities demanded that the increase in the number of PM2.5 projects in the standard is very high.†This new revised version includes the PM2.5 concentration value as an environmental air quality assessment and is implemented nationwide. This is also the first time China has established the PM2.5 standard.
PM2.5 is a pollutant that seriously harms human health has been scientifically confirmed. In recent years, the problem of PM2.5 pollution in China has become increasingly prominent. The introduction of PM2.5 into the scope of mandatory pollutant monitoring is not only a human-oriented and human health protection requirement in China, but also a solution to the environmental management needs such as ash, which is conducive to improving the scientific level of environmental air quality assessment and is conducive to eliminating or alleviating the public. The phenomenon of self-perception and monitoring and evaluation is not completely consistent.
The revised standard adds the PM2.5 project as a basic monitoring project, and tightens the PM10 and NO2 concentration limits. The starting point is to guide the governments at all levels and all sectors of society in the relevant regions to actively develop outstanding environmental problems that are harmful to human health and the ecological environment. Corresponding atmospheric environmental protection work, prevention and control of key atmospheric pollution issues such as ash.
Is the standard strict and wide?
The average concentrations of 2.5 years of PM2.5 and 24 hours in the "Worldwide Standard" set by the WHO are set at 0.035 mg/m3 and 0.075 mg/m3 respectively, which is the first in the transition period with the World Health Organization (WHO). The stage goal value is the same.
WHO put forward a very strict PM2.5 standard for all countries, and most cities in the world have failed to meet this standard. For developing countries, WHO has also developed guidelines for three different stages. The first stage is the widest limit. The new standard PM2.5 is consistent with the limit, while PM10's previous standard is wider than the first. The target value for the first phase is also increased by the new standard, which is in line with the WHO's first phase limit.
Wang Yuesi, a researcher at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, stated that the United States has set a 20-year study period for setting the limit of PM2.5. China has not yet studied and determined how many standards are suitable for the Chinese population and the climate zone. Therefore, international standards are adopted first. To implement.
Huang Wei, a research institute of the Institute of Environmental and Health Research at the Beijing Institute of Advanced Studies, said that although the new standard only temporarily borrowed international standards, its greatest significance is to allow the public to better understand the hazards of particulate matter and to actively participate in the pollution. Emission reduction.
When will the new standard be implemented?
To encourage local governments to take the initiative to implement the new standard in advance and plan to implement it on January 1, 2016, the person in charge of the Department of Science and Technology Standards of the Ministry of Environmental Protection stated that before 2016, there are two types of early implementation methods: One way is to designate parts according to the requirements of the State Council. The region implements this standard in advance.
Another way is for the provincial governments to voluntarily implement this standard in advance based on actual conditions and regional environmental protection needs.
The person in charge said that the implementation of the work is complex and involves many factors, and the necessary preparation time should be allowed from publication to implementation. In addition, the level of regional economic development in our country is not balanced, and preparations for the implementation of the new standard will be faster or slower, some of which Regional standards for implementation of the economic and technical basis is better, and the area with complex air pollution problems can be the first to implement this standard, "Of course, we also encourage local initiatives to implement new standards in advance."
â– Response to Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau: Certain experts will be implemented ahead of schedule to express that Beijing's current PM2.5 may exceed double the standard, and it is necessary to gather consensus to reduce emissions. Beijing was the focal point of the controversy in the previous days. Last night, the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau spokesperson Du Shaozhong said: "We will, in accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the needs of the citizens, go all out to meet the requirements, overcome various difficulties and guarantee early implementation."
Du Shaozhong said that the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau is very willing to use all means to reduce pollution emissions and improve the quality of the environment. It will follow the unified requirements and strive to implement it as early as possible.
According to Wang Yuesi, a researcher at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, according to the newly set standard value, the daily mean value of PM2.5 is 75, and the average annual value is 35, while in Beijing, PM2.5 is generally between 60-70, according to the annual average value. If it counts, it will exceed the double standard. According to the daily average, the weather in Beijing may exceed the standard by half.
He said that Beijing may increase air pollution control in the next five years and the air quality will be better, but according to the current annual average, it is unlikely that the standard will be met.
Ma Jun, director of the Public Environment and Research Center, said that at present, many places are ready to publish PM2.5, but because there is no standard, there is no standard to publish, and it becomes an excuse not to release. Although there are still five years before the full implementation of the standard, the more cities affected by the impact of the PM2.5, the more the city should be implemented ahead of schedule. “If the city is already very serious, it will bear a huge public if it does not do so. The pressure, the higher the PM2.5 city, the greater the pressure, and I believe that there will be cities announced one after another."
“Beijing’s big industry has now been removed and industrial emission reductions have also been reduced. However, private cars have doubled in the past two years. Motor vehicles are difficult to manage. If the public can realize, driving is done every day. With a lot of pollution, their awareness of environmental protection will increase, and they can work together with the government to reduce pollution,†said Huang Wei.
"If the whole society has reached a consensus, releasing PM2.5 is of great significance for emission reduction. Only by aggregating consensus can emission reduction achieve its goal." Ma Jun said.
â– Related news Air quality will increase in real-time release Air quality index increase Ozone, carbon monoxide and PM2.5
In order to comply with the implementation of the new standards, the Ministry of Environmental Protection is also modifying the existing air quality evaluation system. The new system is called the "Ambient Air Quality Index", which is in line with international standards. The evaluation factor has been increased from the "oldest three" indicator to six, adding assessment factors for ozone, carbon monoxide, and PM2.5. The head of the Ministry of Environmental Protection Standards Department said In addition, it will also adjust the expression of exponentially graded classifications to better match the description of the effects of air conditions on human health at the corresponding levels.
The air quality index will be issued in a perfect manner. The previous daily cycle will be revised from 12:00 the previous day to 12:00 the same day, and will be changed from 0 to 24 points. It is required that SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and PM2 be issued in real time. .5, O3 hour concentration and O3 8 hour concentration.
The person in charge of the Department of Science and Technology Standards of the Ministry of Environmental Protection stated that the new system will better characterize the state of ambient air quality and reflect the current complex air pollution situation in China.
"As soon as the concentration of PM2.5 is released, if monitoring is true, many cities in China may face unhealthy air conditions. This requires warnings from the public everywhere to remind the public to avoid further air pollution if the air is not good. Pollution, more public transport, and sharing private cars, reminding susceptible people to avoid outdoor activities, we can not cover this situation, it is a reality. If you can not reduce pollution, at least let the public know that can take measures to avoid More serious injuries," Ma Jun said.
The pollution problem of PM2.5 highlights the frequent occurrence of haze in cities such as Beijing after the fall of haze, and the monitoring of PM2.5 by American embassies and private citizens has rapidly made the term “PM2.5†popular. According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection, PM2.5 is one of the “crimes†that cause haze. In recent years, with coal-based energy consumption rising sharply and the number of motor vehicles increasing rapidly, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and other regions have seen frequent haze. The issue of PM2.5 pollution has become increasingly prominent. The current "Ambient Air Quality Standard" cannot fully meet the requirements of air quality management.
The draft of the consultation revised the classification scheme of the ambient air quality functional areas, and incorporated specific industrial areas into residential areas, commercial traffic residential mixed areas, cultural areas, industrial areas, and rural areas, and added particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration limits and ozone. The 8-hour average concentration limit tightens the particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration limits and improves the validity of data statistics.
At the same time, the Ministry of Environmental Protection also revised the existing air quality evaluation system, increased ozone, carbon monoxide and PM2.5 three indicators, and requested an increase in real-time release on the basis of the daily report.
Responsibility for mitigating public feelings and monitoring is inconsistent with the person in charge of the Ministry of Environmental Protection Technology Standards Division. According to the current ambient air quality evaluation system, the assessment results of some regional and urban ambient air quality in China are not completely consistent with the subjective experience of the people. Putting PM2.5 into the scope of mandatory pollutant monitoring will not only address the need for environmental management such as ash, but also help improve the scientific level of environmental air quality assessment work, and help eliminate or mitigate public self-perception and monitoring results. Exactly the same phenomenon."
The publicity will continue until December 5 this year.
â– Unclear why the new PM2.5 standard?
PM2.5 pollution in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, etc. is prominent. The Ministry of Environmental Protection mentioned in the revised version that PM2.5 pollution in Beijing, Tianjin, Chongqing, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta is more prominent. “The relevant national policies also require the above In the region to strengthen the prevention and control of PM2.5 pollution, the relevant authorities demanded that the increase in the number of PM2.5 projects in the standard is very high.†This new revised version includes the PM2.5 concentration value as an environmental air quality assessment and is implemented nationwide. This is also the first time China has established the PM2.5 standard.
PM2.5 is a pollutant that seriously harms human health has been scientifically confirmed. In recent years, the problem of PM2.5 pollution in China has become increasingly prominent. The introduction of PM2.5 into the scope of mandatory pollutant monitoring is not only a human-oriented and human health protection requirement in China, but also a solution to the environmental management needs such as ash, which is conducive to improving the scientific level of environmental air quality assessment and is conducive to eliminating or alleviating the public. The phenomenon of self-perception and monitoring and evaluation is not completely consistent.
The revised standard adds the PM2.5 project as a basic monitoring project, and tightens the PM10 and NO2 concentration limits. The starting point is to guide the governments at all levels and all sectors of society in the relevant regions to actively develop outstanding environmental problems that are harmful to human health and the ecological environment. Corresponding atmospheric environmental protection work, prevention and control of key atmospheric pollution issues such as ash.
Is the standard strict and wide?
The average concentrations of 2.5 years of PM2.5 and 24 hours in the "Worldwide Standard" set by the WHO are set at 0.035 mg/m3 and 0.075 mg/m3 respectively, which is the first in the transition period with the World Health Organization (WHO). The stage goal value is the same.
WHO put forward a very strict PM2.5 standard for all countries, and most cities in the world have failed to meet this standard. For developing countries, WHO has also developed guidelines for three different stages. The first stage is the widest limit. The new standard PM2.5 is consistent with the limit, while PM10's previous standard is wider than the first. The target value for the first phase is also increased by the new standard, which is in line with the WHO's first phase limit.
Wang Yuesi, a researcher at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, stated that the United States has set a 20-year study period for setting the limit of PM2.5. China has not yet studied and determined how many standards are suitable for the Chinese population and the climate zone. Therefore, international standards are adopted first. To implement.
Huang Wei, a research institute of the Institute of Environmental and Health Research at the Beijing Institute of Advanced Studies, said that although the new standard only temporarily borrowed international standards, its greatest significance is to allow the public to better understand the hazards of particulate matter and to actively participate in the pollution. Emission reduction.
When will the new standard be implemented?
To encourage local governments to take the initiative to implement the new standard in advance and plan to implement it on January 1, 2016, the person in charge of the Department of Science and Technology Standards of the Ministry of Environmental Protection stated that before 2016, there are two types of early implementation methods: One way is to designate parts according to the requirements of the State Council. The region implements this standard in advance.
Another way is for the provincial governments to voluntarily implement this standard in advance based on actual conditions and regional environmental protection needs.
The person in charge said that the implementation of the work is complex and involves many factors, and the necessary preparation time should be allowed from publication to implementation. In addition, the level of regional economic development in our country is not balanced, and preparations for the implementation of the new standard will be faster or slower, some of which Regional standards for implementation of the economic and technical basis is better, and the area with complex air pollution problems can be the first to implement this standard, "Of course, we also encourage local initiatives to implement new standards in advance."
â– Response to Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau: Certain experts will be implemented ahead of schedule to express that Beijing's current PM2.5 may exceed double the standard, and it is necessary to gather consensus to reduce emissions. Beijing was the focal point of the controversy in the previous days. Last night, the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau spokesperson Du Shaozhong said: "We will, in accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the needs of the citizens, go all out to meet the requirements, overcome various difficulties and guarantee early implementation."
Du Shaozhong said that the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau is very willing to use all means to reduce pollution emissions and improve the quality of the environment. It will follow the unified requirements and strive to implement it as early as possible.
According to Wang Yuesi, a researcher at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, according to the newly set standard value, the daily mean value of PM2.5 is 75, and the average annual value is 35, while in Beijing, PM2.5 is generally between 60-70, according to the annual average value. If it counts, it will exceed the double standard. According to the daily average, the weather in Beijing may exceed the standard by half.
He said that Beijing may increase air pollution control in the next five years and the air quality will be better, but according to the current annual average, it is unlikely that the standard will be met.
Ma Jun, director of the Public Environment and Research Center, said that at present, many places are ready to publish PM2.5, but because there is no standard, there is no standard to publish, and it becomes an excuse not to release. Although there are still five years before the full implementation of the standard, the more cities affected by the impact of the PM2.5, the more the city should be implemented ahead of schedule. “If the city is already very serious, it will bear a huge public if it does not do so. The pressure, the higher the PM2.5 city, the greater the pressure, and I believe that there will be cities announced one after another."
“Beijing’s big industry has now been removed and industrial emission reductions have also been reduced. However, private cars have doubled in the past two years. Motor vehicles are difficult to manage. If the public can realize, driving is done every day. With a lot of pollution, their awareness of environmental protection will increase, and they can work together with the government to reduce pollution,†said Huang Wei.
"If the whole society has reached a consensus, releasing PM2.5 is of great significance for emission reduction. Only by aggregating consensus can emission reduction achieve its goal." Ma Jun said.
â– Related news Air quality will increase in real-time release Air quality index increase Ozone, carbon monoxide and PM2.5
In order to comply with the implementation of the new standards, the Ministry of Environmental Protection is also modifying the existing air quality evaluation system. The new system is called the "Ambient Air Quality Index", which is in line with international standards. The evaluation factor has been increased from the "oldest three" indicator to six, adding assessment factors for ozone, carbon monoxide, and PM2.5. The head of the Ministry of Environmental Protection Standards Department said In addition, it will also adjust the expression of exponentially graded classifications to better match the description of the effects of air conditions on human health at the corresponding levels.
The air quality index will be issued in a perfect manner. The previous daily cycle will be revised from 12:00 the previous day to 12:00 the same day, and will be changed from 0 to 24 points. It is required that SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and PM2 be issued in real time. .5, O3 hour concentration and O3 8 hour concentration.
The person in charge of the Department of Science and Technology Standards of the Ministry of Environmental Protection stated that the new system will better characterize the state of ambient air quality and reflect the current complex air pollution situation in China.
"As soon as the concentration of PM2.5 is released, if monitoring is true, many cities in China may face unhealthy air conditions. This requires warnings from the public everywhere to remind the public to avoid further air pollution if the air is not good. Pollution, more public transport, and sharing private cars, reminding susceptible people to avoid outdoor activities, we can not cover this situation, it is a reality. If you can not reduce pollution, at least let the public know that can take measures to avoid More serious injuries," Ma Jun said.
Chromium(III) sulfate usually refers to the inorganic compounds with the formula Cr2(SO4)3.x(H2O), where x can range from 0 to 18. Additionally, ill-defined but commercially important "basic chromium sulfates" are known. These salts are usually either violet or green solids that are soluble in water. It is commonly used in tanning leather.
Since 33% of the anion charges are due to hydroxy ions the basicity is 33% (but in tanning jargon it is known as 33% reduced). Products with higher basicities, e.g. 42% or 50% may be obtained by the addition of sodium carbonate, these are often used in combination with Sodium Formate. The sodium sulfate is often left in the technical product since it is inert with respect to the tanning process. It is important to fully reduce the hexavalent chromium to trivalent since the hexavalent is more likely to cause health problems for tanners and leather consumers.
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