First, dressing
The earth's crust is made up of rocks, which are a collection of minerals. When the content of a certain component or certain components in the rock is economically and advantageously extracted and utilized by current production techniques, the rock is called ore. In addition to the useful minerals currently available in the economy, the ore also contains invaluable minerals called gangue. In addition to rich ore rich in useful minerals, direct smelting or processing of lean ore containing a large number of gangue minerals will greatly increase the load and production costs of ore transportation, handling and smelting equipment , resulting in unnecessary losses and waste.
The process of crushing ore to separate useful minerals from gangue minerals, then enriching useful minerals and discarding most of the gangue, known as beneficiation or mineral processing, mineral engineering. Products selected from mineral processing and enriched with useful minerals are called concentrates, and the priceless gangue discarded is both tailings. If the ore contains more than one valuable mineral, it can be sorted into different valuable concentrates by beneficiation. When the content of harmful impurities in a mineral product is high, the method of beneficiation is often used to remove the impurities. Metallic mineral concentrate is extracted metal smelting industry metallic material, non-metallic mineral concentrate directly as a raw material in other industries.
As the world's mineral resources are increasingly depleted with the massive exploitation of ore, and increasingly rich ore and complex mines are utilized, the amount of ore that needs beneficiation is increasing. At present, except for a few rich ore, metal and non-metallic ore almost all need beneficiation, and then can be rationally and economically used as industrial raw materials. At the same time, due to the continuous reduction of natural resources, the comprehensive utilization of associated elements in ore and the recovery of useful components in industrial waste have received increasing attention. Therefore, mineral processing has made a major contribution to the development and utilization of natural resources by human beings, and will become more and more developed in the future and become an important means for people to evaluate resources, develop resources, and comprehensively utilize resources.
Second, the beneficiation test
The ore dressing test is based on the nature of the ore, using physical or chemical methods to sort and enrich the useful minerals in the ore, and based on the test results to determine whether it is optional, determine the reasonable beneficiation method, selection conditions, selection process And the sorting indicators that can be achieved.
The classification of ore dressing test degree is mainly based on the purpose and characteristics of the test, the reliability of the technical and economic indicators in the actual production, and the size of the test. According to the current regulations, it is divided into: optional test, laboratory process test, laboratory extended continuous test, semi-industrial test and industrial test. The basic requirements are as follows:
1 , optional test
The purpose of the optional test is to evaluate the deposit, as the evaluation of the deposit depends not only on the number of useful minerals in it, but also on the possibility of industrial use, ie considering its selectivity. The optional experimental study of ore is an important basis for assessing the value of the mineral industry.
The optional test was conducted during the geological exploration stage. The exploration work is divided into three stages: census, preliminary exploration and detailed exploration, which reflects the gradual deepening of the exploration and research level of the deposit. Therefore, the requirements for the optional evaluation of each stage are also different.
The general exploration stage is only a preliminary understanding of the deposit, it is impossible to take a representative sample of the ore, and there is no condition for optional evaluation of the mineral. Some exploration materials can be used for some exploratory ore dressing tests, and according to the ore material. The compositional studies are compared to the developed minerals of the same type.
The task of preliminary exploration is to point out whether the minerals of the deposit can be used by the industry, and whether it is worth investing more manpower and resources for detailed exploration work. Therefore, an optional test of ore is required, which is often referred to as "optional evaluation". In the preliminary exploration stage, it is required to determine the selection method of the useful components in the ore and the possible selection indicators through the ore dressing test, and judge whether the ore dressing is technically and economically feasible under the current conditions, and also indicate the difference. The difference in the selectability of the type or grade of ore is used as the basis for the classification of ore by geological work and the determination of industrial indicators.
The detailed exploration phase requires an exact industrial assessment of the deposit and the preparation of a final reserve report and the design of the mining company. At this time, the ore dressing test must determine the processing technology of the ore, recommend reasonable process and technical and economic indicators, in order to accurately evaluate the industrial value of the deposit. In addition to the separate testing of different types of ore, it is often necessary to conduct a study on the mixed samples in order to determine the possibility of selecting a uniform principle process for each type of ore to determine the mine's product plan.
2 , laboratory process test
The laboratory process test is based on the optional test, and further research on the process conditions under which the ore is fully and reasonably recovered. Therefore, a multi-program comparison test of process structure and sorting conditions is required to obtain a method. And the advancement and adaptability of technology, and the estimated economic indicators should be basically close to the actual situation. Laboratory process tests should conduct detailed research on the composition of matter, especially the study of process mineralogy. For beneficial associated components, the recovery methods and methods should be studied to enable the mineral resources to be fully recycled. The test sample should consider the mixing of surrounding rock and stone.
Laboratory process tests are usually the main basis for geological minerals evaluation. For general ore, it is the basis for the preliminary feasibility study of mineral deposit development and the formulation of industrial indicators. For easy ore selection, it can be used as a mine in meeting the basic parameters required for mine design. The basis of the design.
3 , the laboratory expands the continuous test
The main task of the laboratory to expand the continuous test is to combine the recommended processes of the laboratory test to form a continuous, production-like operating condition. The test is to achieve the balance of feed, water supply, dosing and product quantity and quality in “dynamicsâ€. Test factors and indicators are reflected in the "dynamic balance", with a certain degree of simulation, and the results are reliable.
The laboratory expands the continuous test. For the general ore, after the various parameters required for the design are completed, together with the test results data, it can be used as the basic basis for mine design. For the difficult ore, the test results can only be used as the basic data and basis for the preliminary feasibility study of the deposit development and the formulation of industrial indicators.
4 , semi-industrial test
The semi-industrial test is mainly for ore with complex beneficiation process. It is difficult to fully identify the process characteristics and certain key aspects of equipment in laboratory tests, and it may be affected by the reliability of these links to technical and economic indicators. Improve the simulation level of the test to solve.
The semi-industrial test is a test conducted on the production equipment according to the “production operation stateâ€. The data obtained by the test, including the test conditions and the test indicators, have a high degree of confidence, and are generally tested as preparations for the pre-construction period. For mine design use.
5 , industrial trials
The industrial test is a preparatory work for the pre-construction plant. It is mainly for the large scale of the deposit, the nature of the ore is complex, or the adoption of new technical measures. There is still insufficient experience in industrial production, as well as technical, economic indicators or new equipment. The adaptability requires industrial testing in the case of reliable verification in industrial tests.
The industrial test is carried out by means of a part or one or several series of industrial production equipment, and the partial or full process test is carried out. Like the semi-industrial test, the test is carried out in the "production" state, and the obtained data is used as a mine design and construction factory. And the basis and basis for production operations.
Third, the importance of mineral processing test
1. The beneficiation test is an important basis for the technical and economic evaluation of the deposit.
Whether the mineral reserves submitted by geological exploration can be used by the industry, in addition to the external conditions of mine construction and the mining technical conditions such as hydrology and engineering geology in the mine, the ore dressing performance of ore is one of the important factors. In many cases, it is even more important than other factors, especially for new, poor, fine, miscellaneous, and difficult to choose ore, which is more decisive.
The mineral industrial reserves provided during the geological exploration stage must be used for industrial exploitation under current technical and economic conditions. For ores with low grades and high levels of harmful impurities that do not meet industrial requirements, it is necessary to carry out a corresponding degree of beneficiation test and even carry out the necessary smelting tests to ensure that the beneficiation process and various major technical and economic indicators can be realized in industrial production. And the products formed by the useful components in the ore meet the corresponding quality standards, that is, to ensure that the mine construction is technically feasible and economically reasonable, and both must be combined.
2 , mineral processing test is an important basis for the development of mineral industry indicators
The mineral industry index is the basis for calculating the reserves of solid minerals. The main content is the minimum industrial grade, the cut-off grade, the recoverable thickness and the thickness of the stone. The minimum industrial grade is mainly based on the production cost of the mining product plus the minimum profit and tax, and is calculated and compared according to the geological characteristics of the deposit, the scale of the mine construction, and the mining and selection indicators. If the lack of required data in the calculations - concentrate grade, recovery, yield, can not be calculated, the lowest industrial grade and cut-off grade in the industrial indicators.
3. Mineral processing test in the mineral exploration stage is the pilot and foundation of future tests and construction and construction.
Mineral exploration survey is a process from shallow to deep, step by step, step by step, and phased advancement. It is required to demonstrate the results of the ore dressing test results that are compatible with each stage to make a phased evaluation. If the mineral processing test indicators at each stage are good, technically and economically feasible, they can be transferred to the later stage of geological work or mining industry design work; if the ore dressing test index is low, the qualified products cannot be sorted out. If the indicator is acceptable but not economically viable, then no further work can be carried out to avoid greater economic losses.
4. Mineral processing test is an important means of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources
Comprehensive utilization of minerals is not only an important policy for mineral development, but also an effective means to rationally develop resources and protect the human environment. The comprehensive utilization of symbiotic associated resources in ore can enable mining enterprises to increase product varieties, increase production output value, reduce redundant construction of production facilities, and reduce production costs. In a sense, the comprehensive utilization of symbiotic associated mineral resources is equivalent to expanding resources. All of the above can only be achieved through a reasonable process developed by the beneficiation test. The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is to fully sort and recycle the beneficial components in the ore, the essence of which is mineral processing. Under certain conditions, for complex ore with low grade and many associated components, whether the associated components can be comprehensively utilized is an important factor in determining whether the deposit has industrial value. Only through the practice of ore dressing test can the purpose be achieved.
5. Mineral processing test is an effective method to reduce industrial waste and reduce environmental pollution.
Wastes (mainly wastes and waste water) discharged from industrial enterprises that use mineral resources as raw materials and fuels contain a large amount of valuable components, and are called secondary mineral resources or recycled mineral resources and are widely used at home and abroad. The recovery of valuable components in secondary resources is commonly used in mineral processing, smelting, chemical and biological methods. The use of mineral processing methods to separate valuable components is the lowest cost and most economical method. The establishment of a reasonable sorting process through mineral processing is an important measure for the effective recovery of valuable components in industrial waste.
The useful components in industrial waste are fully recovered, and the toxic substances are converted into non-toxic substances, which reduces waste discharge and reduces environmental hazards.
6. Mineral processing test is an important part of strengthening the supervision of mineral resources
Rational development and utilization of mineral resources, effective protection of the environment, and protection of the needs of the national economy and social development of mineral resources are the ultimate goal of human activities. In the "Ministry of Mineral Resources Law of the People's Republic of China" and the regulations on the management of mineral resources in various places, regarding the supervision and management of the exploitation and utilization of mineral resources, many references to "using a reasonable mineral processing technology" and "comprehensive utilization" in the "mineral resources" The review plan of the development and utilization plan specifies the content of the review of the beneficiation processing plan, emphasizing “the selection of a reasonable beneficiation method after sufficient ore dressing test work and program comparisonâ€, “the experimental study of comprehensive recovery and comprehensive utilization should be fully carried out†. It can be seen that the beneficiation test has become an important part of strengthening the supervision of mineral resources. In some parts of China, in the evaluation of deposits and new mines at different stages of geological exploration, it has been clearly pointed out that there must be a beneficiation test report issued by the test unit with mineralization qualification. Whether the mineral processing technology is reasonable, whether the economic and technical indicators are feasible, and whether the symbiotic associated resources are comprehensively utilized is a necessary prerequisite for the development of mineral resources. The purpose is to ensure that the limited natural resources can be fully and rationally developed and utilized to ensure the continuous development of the mining economy.
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