Overview of modern mine safety management

Security management is an integral part of business management and is about security, for activities related to decision making, planning, organization and control. The main content of safety management is a series of organizational measures taken to implement the national safety production guidelines, policies, laws and regulations to ensure safety in the production process. For example, establish and improve safety organizations, and develop and improve safety management systems. Prepare and implement safety technical measures plans, conduct safety publicity and education, organize safety inspections, conduct safety competitions, sum up evaluations, reward points, etc. Its mission is to discover, analyze and eliminate various hazards in the production process, prevent accidents and occupational diseases, avoid various losses, and protect the safety and health of employees, thereby promoting the smooth development of production and serving economic and social benefits. The scope of safety management includes two aspects of safety production and labor protection.

First, the emergence and development of safety management

1. The development process of safety management

Safety issues arise with production and develop with production. In the process of using natural resources for productive labor, people can not only create material wealth that is beneficial to human beings, but also encounter and must overcome the insecure and unsanitary factors that occur in the production process, and adopt various methods and means. Protect yourself and the wealth you create.

Since the use of fire, humans have begun to fight against fire. It can be said that fire protection technology is one of the earliest human safety technologies. Our people have accumulated rich experience in the long-term struggle against fire. As early as 700 BC, Zhou Yongren’s book Zhou Yi had records of “water and fire avoidance” and “water on the fire”, indicating the truth of water fire extinguishing. The same is true of foreign countries, such as the Guards and duty groups with the main mission of maintaining social order and fire fighting during the ancient Greek and Roman Empires. Since then, in a relatively long historical period, people's understanding of safety is mainly due to the desire to maintain "peace" and the need for fire prevention. It was not until the 12th century AD that the United Kingdom enacted the Fire Protection Act, and in the 17th century the Personal Protection Act was enacted.

In addition to fire safety management, the coal mining industry in our country, there are ancient bamboo pole with a large chisel to the section inserted into the ventilation in coal, gas exclusion, measures to prevent poisoning, and to prevent roof fall with support and so on. In 989 AD, when the wooden structure of the Northern Song Dynasty was built in the tower of the Kaibao Temple, every layer of the building was covered with curtains to prevent the construction from hurting people and being easy to operate. These examples show that in the early labor production, China attached great importance to safety management and used more scientific safety technology.

In the 18th century, the advent of steam engines gave new impetus to ships, locomotives and textile machinery. Production has developed, but steam-generating boilers continue to explode, killing thousands of people every year due to boiler explosions. In order to prevent boiler explosion, people have studied the structure of the boiler, the materials used, the working pressure and the scale removal problem in the furnace, and achieved a series of results. In the many years of the industrial revolution, workers engaged in more than 10 hours of labor every day in extremely harsh environments. Casualties occurred one after another, and workers' health was severely devastated. The capitalists believe that frequent casualties are the price that must be paid for industrial progress, and they are not responsible for the casualties of workers. In order to survive, the workers fought against the cruel crush of the capitalists, and the progressive people in the society also sympathized with the tragic experience of the workers. Due to the resistance of workers and the pressure of public opinion, by the beginning of the 19th century, Britain, France, Belgium and other countries had successively issued security laws. For example, in 1802, the British passed the textile factory and other factory apprenticeship health discipline protection law; in 1810, the Belgian Mine Inspection Act and the Public Hazard Prevention Act; in 1829, Prussia specified the factory to employ child labor restrictions and attached a factory Check regulations, etc. At that time, although “safety” had a concept of charity and humanitarianism, it promoted the development of safety management and insurance to a certain extent.

After entering the 20th century, the speed of industrial development accelerated, environmental pollution and major accidents occurred one after another, which brought great harm to the society. In December 1930, the “Mas Valley Incident” occurred in Belgium, and the iron factory in the Maas Valley area. metal factory, glass factory and zinc smelter discharged contaminants are closed under inversion layer, a sharp increase in the concentration of "killing like smoke" people feel chest pain, difficulty breathing, resulting in 60 deaths within a week, many livestock Also die. In November 1952, the same incident occurred in London, England, the so-called "London Smoke Incident". The smoke from the factory caused London to die 3,500 to 4,000 more people from November 1 to December 12 than in the same period in history. On September 14, 1961, a chemical plant in Toyama, Japan, was damaged by a leak of chlorine, causing more than 9,000 people to be victimized, 532 people were poisoned, and large areas of farmland were destroyed. From 1960 to 1977, more than 360 major fires and explosions occurred in the United States and Western Europe, losing billions of dollars and 1979 deaths and injuries.

Since the safety management of modern industry and the pursuit of excess profits by capitalists are basically the same, in recent decades, safety technology and management have developed rapidly in foreign countries. Since the 1930s, some foreign companies have set up full-time security personnel and gradually established a relatively complete safety education, management and technical system.

In the 1960s, it was recognized that the creation of employment opportunities, the improvement of working conditions and quality of life, the elimination of poverty and the equitable distribution of gross national product should be the same as the growth in GDP. Targets and the standards of progress necessary for social and economic development, the developed countries began to pay attention to the working conditions and safety and health of workers, and the contents of social welfare, human rights, and environmental protection became the focus of politicians and the media. In the early 1970s, a legislative climax was established for labor safety and health. Labor safety and health laws or occupational safety and health laws in the United States, Britain, and Japan were established during this period. Policymakers are increasingly recognizing that the ultimate goal of development is not simply to create wealth, but to make as many people as possible live a quality life.

In the 1980s, with the rapid development of modern industrial and aerospace technology, major accidents of labor safety and health continued to occur worldwide. On December 3, 1984, 45 tons of methyl isocyanate leaked from the pesticide plant of United Carbide Company in Bhopal, India. The number of people killed by poisoning reached 2,347, and the number of people seriously injured was 30,000 to 40,000. On the 26th, the No. 4 reactor of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the former Soviet Union exploded and a large amount of radioactive materials spilled out, causing 7 deaths, 35 injuries, 229 people were severely nuclear radiation, and nuclear pollution swept through Scandinavia. The peninsula and Eastern Europe, and spread to Western Europe. These tragic events that shocked the world have aroused strong repercussions in society. The call for security is growing. Labor safety and health, as a major issue in modern science and technology and industrial development, have attracted more and more attention.

In the 1990s, the international slogan of "sustainable development" was further proposed, and the balanced development of the social economy has become a new international development concept. In this international context, the importance of labor safety and health should be strengthened. It is precisely because ordinary workers should be the main beneficiaries of development, so they should actively protect their safety and health as they contribute to development. [next]

2. The main tasks of current security management

With the impact of the trend of world economic integration and the arrival of the information society and the knowledge economy, China's security management work has to face greater challenges than ever before. In order to shorten the gap with the safety management level of developed countries and make China's safety management develop rapidly in this century, we should do the following work.

(1) Do a good job in the legislative work of labor safety and health. The legislation on labor safety and health is a top priority. It makes the safety management work law-abiding and keeps the policy stable and coherent. At present, the relevant state departments are formulating two legal texts, namely the Occupational Safety Law and the Major Accident Control Law. The Occupational Safety Law has been re-authorized to adjust the relationship that is not adapted to the market economy in management. Determine the responsibilities of employers and workers and abide by the labor safety standards stipulated in this Law. Determine the power of supervision, authorize the supervisory authority, and clarify the content of the inspection. The purpose of the "Major Accident Control Law" is to identify and monitor all major industrial hazards in the whole society, prevent the occurrence of major accidents, and implement a contingency planning system to minimize the harm of accidents to society.

(2) Combining the establishment of a modern enterprise system and implementing the Occupational Safety and Health Management System Standard (OHSMSS) With the continuous improvement of the modern enterprise system, OHSMSS will gradually become the same as the quality management system standard (ISO9000) and the environmental management system standard (ISO14000). The foundation of modern safety science management in China. OHSMSS emphasizes that companies should bear the main responsibility for safe production.

(3) Stabilizing and strengthening the technical strength of labor safety, and gradually moving toward socialized services. Due to the development of the market economy and the reform of government institutions, the scattered and weak security teams have become differentiated and fluctuating. The impact of the long-term planned economic system has made China's labor safety technical service work not included in the track of market economy operation. The experience of advanced industrial technology countries and the facts of China's reforms in these years all indicate that the development of intermediary service organizations and the way to market-oriented services is an inevitable choice for future security technology services. The social intermediary service conforms to the law of market economy operation, clarifies the responsibility, rights and interests of the intermediary organization and the government and enterprises, and is conducive to solving the problems of division of the department and individual administration. It can mobilize all aspects of the technical force of the whole society to invest in labor safety and health technology. In the service work, the technical strength of labor safety has continued to grow.

(4) Labor safety and health and work injury insurance are closely combined. Among the three functions of “prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and compensation” of industrial injury insurance, prevention is the first. In recent years, European and American countries have begun to use "loss control" as the main purpose of industrial injury insurance, because only the prevention work can truly achieve the ultimate goal of social security. Therefore, we must give full play to the preventive role of industrial injury insurance, and must emphasize the close integration of labor safety and health and work injury insurance. China's industrial injury insurance system has just moved from corporate insurance to social insurance, if prevention can be the main function in its design and operation. The combination of social insurance and labor safety and health is very beneficial to both labor safety and health insurance and industrial insurance, as well as to the comprehensive reform and development of China's economy.

Second, the principles and principles of safety management

(1) Principles and principles of prevention

1. The meaning of the principle of prevention

Safety management should be based on prevention, that is, through effective management and technical means to prevent unsafe behaviors and unsafe conditions of people, so that the probability of accidents is minimized. This is the principle of prevention.

Prevention and rehabilitation are two working methods of safety management. Prevention is to take precautionary measures to prevent injury in the event of accidental personal injury or health damage. The aftermath is for the measures taken and the handling after the accident. Obviously, the working method of prevention is proactive and positive, and it is the main thing that safety management should take.

Safety management is based on prevention, and its basic starting point is that the accidents in the production process are preventable. In addition to natural disasters, where there is a hazard caused by human activities, there is always a causal relationship, exploring the causes of the accident, taking effective measures, and in principle preventing accidents. Because prevention is an ex ante work, correctness and effectiveness are important. Production systems are generally more complex systems. The occurrence of accidents is both physical and human. It is difficult to estimate in advance. Sometimes, the issue of key prevention has not happened, but the problem that has not been taken seriously has caused a major disaster. In order to make the prevention work really work, on the one hand, we must pay attention to the accumulation of experience, conduct statistical analysis of the existing accidents and a large number of attempted accidents, find the law from it, and do it in a targeted manner; on the other hand, we must adopt scientific safety analysis and evaluation techniques. Make accurate judgments on the unsafe factors and consequences of people and things in production, so as to implement effective countermeasures to prevent accidents.

2, the principle of using the principle of prevention

(1) The principle of accidental loss, the consequences of accidents (personal injuries, health damage, material damage, etc.), and the magnitude of the consequences, are random and unpredictable. Repeated accidents of the same kind do not necessarily have the same consequences, which is the contingency of accident losses.

For personal accidents, American scholar Heinrich based on the survey results, the ratio of the probability of serious injury (including death), minor injury and non-injury incident is 1:29:300, called Heinrich law. Some accidents did not cause any loss. Such accidents were called accidents. However, if a completely similar accident occurs again, how much damage will be caused, which can only be determined by chance and cannot be predicted.

According to the contingency of accident losses, the principle of accidental loss in safety management can be obtained. No matter whether the accident causes losses or not, the only way to prevent accidents from happening is to prevent accidents from happening again. This principle emphasizes that in the practice of safety management, it is necessary to pay attention to all kinds of accidents, including dangerous accidents. Only when the accidents are controlled, can the accident losses be truly prevented.

(2) The principle of causality, causality, that is, cause and result, causality refers to the relationship between things that exist as the cause of another thing. Accidents are the end result of many factors causing each other to occur continuously. One factor is the result of the former factor and the latter factor. The causal relationship of the accident determines the inevitability of the accident, which determines that the accident will happen in the near future.

Mastering the causal relationship of accidents and cutting the chain of accidents eliminates the inevitability of accidents and prevents accidents. The inevitability of the accident contains regularity. The inevitability comes from causality. In-depth investigation and understanding of the causal relationship of accident factors can reveal the objective law of accidents and provide a basis for preventing accidents.

Understanding the inevitability from the causal relationship of the accident, discovering the regularity of the accident, changing the unsafe condition to the safety condition, and eliminating the accident at the early cause stage, this is the principle of causality. [next]

(3) The principle of 3E, the main causes of unsafe conditions in people's unsafe industries and things can be summarized into four aspects: technical reasons, educational reasons, physical and attitude reasons, and management reasons. For the reasons of these four aspects, three kinds of prevention measures can be taken, namely, engineering technology (engineering) countermeasures, education (Education) countermeasures, and law (En-forement) countermeasures. These three countermeasures are the 3E principle.

The technical countermeasures are to use engineering techniques to eliminate the unsafe factors of production facilities and equipment, improve the working environment conditions, improve the protection and alarm devices, and achieve the safety and hygiene of production conditions. The educational strategy is to provide education and training at all levels and in various forms and contents, so that employees can firmly establish the idea of ​​"safety first" and master the knowledge and skills necessary for safe production. The legal system is to use the necessary coercive means such as laws, regulations, standards, and rules and regulations to restrain people's behavior, so as to eliminate the phenomenon of not paying attention to safety and illegal operations.

(4) The principle of intrinsic safety, the principle of intrinsic safety comes from the theory of intrinsic safety. It means that from the beginning and from the essence of security, it can fundamentally eliminate the possibility of accidents, so as to prevent accidents. The so-called intrinsic safety means that the equipment, facilities or technical processes contain inherent functions that can fundamentally prevent accidents.

Intrinsic safety is the fundamental embodiment of the safety management prevention principle and the highest level of safety management. In fact, it is still difficult to achieve at present, but we should adhere to this principle. The meaning of intrinsic safety is not limited to the nature of equipment and facilities. Safety should be extended to areas such as new construction projects, transportation, new technologies, new processes, new materials, and even people's daily lives.

(2) Compulsory principles and principles

1. The meaning of the mandatory principle

Mandatory management is used to control people's wishes and actions, so that individual activities and behaviors are subject to security management requirements, thus achieving effective security management. This is the principle of coercion. In general, management is mandatory. Management is the task of the manager to exert influence and influence on the manager, and requires the manager to obey his will, meet his requirements, and complete his or her stipulations. It is not mandatory to effectively suppress the unfettered personality of the manager, and cannot be mobilized to the track of the overall interests and purposes.

The need for mandatory safety management is determined by the contingency of accident losses, the “adventurous” mentality of people, and the irreparability of accident losses. The realization of safety compulsory management is inseparable from strict and reasonable laws, regulations, standards and rules and regulations at all levels. These regulations and systems constitute a safe code of conduct. At the same time, there must be a strong management and supervision system to ensure that managers are always in accordance with the code of conduct, once their behavior exceeds the norms, there must be severe punishment measures.

2. Principles of the principle of coercion

(1) The first principle of safety, safety first is to put safety work at the forefront of all work when carrying out production and other activities. When there is a contradiction between production and other work and safety, it is necessary to take safety as the mainstay, and production and other work must be subject to safety. This is the first principle of safety.

The first principle of safety can be said to be the principle of safety management and an important part of China's safety production policy. The implementation of the principle of safety first requires that all economic sectors and leaders of production enterprises should attach great importance to safety, and take safety work as a top priority. We must ensure safety as a prerequisite for accomplishing various tasks and doing all kinds of work. . When planning, arranging, and implementing various tasks, we first think of safety and take precautions to prevent accidents. The principle emphasizes that safety production must be taken as a basic measure of the quality of a company's work. As an indicator of “veto power”, it is not safe to conduct production.

(2) Supervision principle: In order to encourage production management departments at all levels to strictly implement safety laws, regulations, standards and rules and regulations, protect the safety and health of employees, and achieve safe production, special departments and personnel must be authorized to exercise supervision, inspection and punishment. Responsibilities, to expose problems in safety work, to supervise the resolution of problems, to investigate and punish violations of dereliction of duty, this is the supervision principle of safety management.

Safety management is more mandatory. It only requires the implementation system to automatically implement the safety rules, but lacks a strong supervision system to supervise the implementation. The mandatory power of the regulations is difficult to play. With the development of the socialist market economy, enterprises have become independent legal persons that operate independently and are responsible for their own profits and losses. The difference in interests between the state and enterprises, business operators and employees has also been reflected in security management. An performance is a contradiction between production and safety, efficiency and safety, local and social benefits, immediate interests and long-term interests. Business operators tend to unilaterally pursue quality, profit, output, etc., while ignoring the safety and health of employees. In this case, a special supervisory agency must be established, equipped with qualified supervisors, and the necessary coercive powers must be given to ensure that they perform their supervisory duties in order to ensure that the safety management work is implemented.

Third, the theory of casualties

1. Overview of the cause of accidents

The accident causation theory is an accident mechanism and an accident model extracted from the analysis of the essential causes of a large number of typical accidents. These mechanisms and models reflect the regularity of accidents, and can provide a scientific and complete basis for the prevention of accidents and the improvement of safety management. With the development of science and technology and production methods, the nature of accidents is constantly changing, and people's understanding of the causes of accidents is also deepening. Therefore, there are more than a dozen representative accident causal theories and accident models.

In 1936, Heinrich proposed the use of the domino principle to study the sequence of five causes of casualties in human injuries, namely the accident causal chain theory. In 1949, Corden used the epidemic mechanism of epidemics to discuss the mechanism of accidents and proposed the theory of epidemiological methods of accidents. The "energy transfer" theory proposed by Gibson in 1961 and extended by Hadden in 1966 is an important step in the development of the cause of accidents. According to the theory, an accident is an abnormal or undesired energy transfer. Various forms of energy constitute an injury accident. An effective measure to prevent abnormal energy transfer is to shield energy.

In the 1970s, the period of accident causation theory was still active. In 1969, J. Surry proposed that the Selly model, which was developed in the early 1970s, is an accident model that describes the cause and effect of accidents based on the process of human information processing. This theory holds that people make mistakes in the process of information processing and lead to human behavior errors, which in turn lead to accidents. Dynamic and changing perspectives are a fundamental theory of the cause of modern accidents. In 1972, Benner proposed the theory of accidents caused by "perturbation" in a dynamically balanced production system, namely the P theory.

In the past decade or so, the more popular theory of accident causation is the "trajectory intersection" theory. The theory holds that the occurrence of an accident is nothing more than a combination of two factors: the unsafe behavior (or error) of the human being and the unsafe state (or failure) of the object, that is, the intersection of the two major series of space-time motion trajectories. The point is where the accident happened. The prevention of accidents is to try to avoid the intersection of human and material movement trajectories from time and space. [next]

2. Introduction to several accident causes

(1) Heinrich's causal chain theory, which holds that the occurrence of casualties is not an isolated incident, but the result of a series of causal events, that is, the damage and the causes are linked to each other. Heinrich’s accident causal chain process includes five factors: genetic and social environment (M), human shortcomings (P), human unsafe behavior or unsafe state of matter (H), accident (D), Injury (A).

The above-mentioned accident causal chain relationship can be visually described with five dominoes, as shown in Figure 1. If the first domino falls (ie, the first cause occurs), a chain reaction occurs and the subsequent dominoes are successively knocked down (successively).

The positive significance of this theory is that if any domino in the causal chain is removed, the chain is destroyed and the accident process is terminated. Heinrich believes that the enterprise security work center is to remove the dominoes in the middle---to prevent people from unsafe behavior or to eliminate the unsafe state of the objects, thereby interrupting the chain of accidents and avoiding accidents, as shown in Figure 2. Show.

(2) Dynamic change theory, the world is constantly moving and changing, and the industrial production process is constantly changing. In response to changes in the objective world, our security work will also be improved to adapt to changing circumstances. If managers and operators fail to adapt to such changes in a timely manner, management and operational errors will occur, and changes in external conditions will cause malfunctions in machinery and equipment, which may lead to accidents.

Benner believes that the accident process involves a set of successive events. Here, an event refers to something that happened during the production activity, such as an instantaneous or major change in circumstances, an accident that has been avoided or caused by another incident. Thus, production activities can be thought of as a chain of events that consciously or unconsciously point to an expected or unexpected outcome, which involves interactions between production system elements and changing external influences. The normal production activities consisting of event chains are carried out in an automatically adjusted dynamic equilibrium, which develops towards the expected results during the steady operation of the event.

The occurrence of an event must be caused by someone or something. If the person or thing that caused the event is called an "actor" and its action or movement is called "behavior", then the actor and its behavior can be used to describe an event. In the process of production activities, if the actor's behavior is proper, the event process can be maintained steadily; otherwise, production may be interrupted or even injury accidents may occur. The external influences of the production system are constantly changing and may deviate from normal or expected conditions. Here, the change in external influence is called "Perturbation". Disturbance will act on the actor. The event that produces the disturbance is called the origin event.

When an actor can adapt to disturbances that do not exceed its ability to withstand, production activities can maintain a dynamic balance without an accident. If one of the actors is unable to adapt to this disturbance, the dynamic balancing process is destroyed and a new event process, the accident process, begins. The accident process may cause an actor to withstand excessive energy and cause injury or damage. These damage or damage events may cause other changes or energy release, acting on the next actor and subjecting it to excessive energy. Continuous injury or damage. Of course, if the actor can withstand the impact without harm or damage, the event process will continue.

In summary, an incident can be thought of as a process that begins with a disturbance in the chain of events and ends with injury or damage. This accident theory is also called "P theory."

(3) Trajectory intersection theory, the basic idea of ​​trajectory cross theory is that injury accidents are the result of the sequential development of many interconnected events. These events are summed up in the two major development series of people and things (including the environment). When people's unsafe behaviors and unsafe conditions of things are in their respective development processes (trajectories), they come into contact at a certain time and space (crossing ), when energy is transferred to the human body, an injury accident will occur. The unsafe behavior of human beings and the unsafe state of things are the result of many factors.

The accident model of the trajectory intersection theory is shown in Fig. 3. In the figure, the cause and the victim may be different objects or the same object; likewise, the perpetrator and the victim may be different people or the same person.

In the two series of movements of people and things, the two are often interrelated, mutually causal, and mutually transforming. Sometimes, human unsafe behavior promotes the development of an unsafe state of the object, or leads to a new unsafe state; and the unsafe state of the object can lead to unsafe behavior. Therefore, the accident may not be performed independently according to the two trajectories of people and objects as shown in FIG. 3, but a more complicated causal relationship is presented.

As a cause of accidents, trajectory theory emphasizes that human factors and material factors play an equally important role in the cause of accidents. According to this theory, accidents can be prevented by avoiding the intersection of human and physical factors.