Beneficiation plant is one of the main aspects of mine production. The design of the ore dressing must implement the party's line and relevant policies and policies, and proceed according to the overall plan for mine construction.
Generally, mining areas with high grade, good ore selectivity, convenient transportation, good power supply and water supply conditions, and less infrastructure construction are preferred. In doing so, the investment is small, the speed is fast, and it is beneficial to exert the investment effect as soon as possible. The order of mine construction should be to first go to mining and then build a concentrating plant. The construction progress of the two must be connected and the production capacity should be formed at the same time.
I. Determination of the size of the ore dressing plant The size of the dressing plant should generally be determined according to the design task book issued by the competent authority. When formulating the design task book to determine the scale of the ore dressing plant, the following issues should be considered:
(1) Determine the scale of the ore dressing plant according to the needs of the country, the occurrence of geological resources and deposits, the conditions for the construction of the ore dressing plant, and the technical possibilities and economic rationality.
(2) It is imperative to conscientiously implement the general line of "taking the enthusiasm, striving for the upper reaches, and building the socialism more quickly and economically." Carrying forward the revolutionary spirit of "self-reliance and hard work" can generally be completed once to reach the design scale, and can also be constructed in stages according to the investment, equipment supply, etc., and gradually reach the design scale.
(3) When determining the scale of the concentrator, it is necessary to consider a reasonable service period if the mining technical conditions permit. The service life of the concentrator is calculated according to the B+C1 grade mineral deposits. The C2 reserves are generally used for the construction of the long-term planning.
Small non-ferrous metal processing plant service life generally should be about ten years. However, the service life of metals that are urgently needed by the country, or mines that need to be accelerated for special reasons, and some simple small non-ferrous metal concentrators can be shortened appropriately.
For mines that are being explored by the side, the mines should be controlled for three to five years. This amount of mine can be used as the basis for determining the scale of the ore dressing plant.
Second, the working system of the mineral processing plant The working system of the mineral processing plant is generally a continuous working system throughout the year. The operating rate of equipment in each section shall be determined according to the external transportation, power supply, spare parts supply, maintenance equipment level and section nature.
The metallurgical system of the small non-ferrous metal concentrator requires two working days of 330 days and 306 days per year. According to the current production situation of small concentrators, it is more appropriate to adopt a 306-day continuous labor system. If the diesel power station is built, the annual working days can be appropriately reduced. The annual operating rate of the equipment can be selected by referring to the following table.
1. The beneficiation sample must have a certain representativeness. The technical requirements are jointly proposed by the design, experimental research unit and the geological department.
2. The scale of the test depends mainly on the complexity of the ore's nature, the process used and the scale of production of the proposed concentrator. Generally, there should be small closed-circuit test data of the laboratory. For simple and easy-to-select ore, there are laboratory test data or production practice materials of similar concentrators. For complex and difficult to choose multi-species ore, there should be continuous test data.
3. The content and depth of the ore dressing test must meet the design requirements. Special attention should be paid to the comprehensive utilization and “three wastes†treatment.
Fourth, the site selection [next]
The choice of site is a policy-intensive, multi-consideration and more complicated work. Unfair consideration should be given to the conditions of raw ore and product transportation, power supply, water supply, tailings transportation and storage, engineering geological conditions, earthwork volume and construction conditions; and the impact on agriculture should also be considered. Proper selection of the site is an important factor in ensuring long-term rational production of the mine. The determination of the site must be based on in-depth and meticulous investigation and research work, comprehensive consideration of various factors, and comprehensive technical and economic comparison of multiple programs. In the specific work, the following factors should generally be considered:
1. Selecting the site must conscientiously implement the policy of “based on agricultureâ€. It is necessary to pay attention to saving land, not occupying fertile land, occupying less land, not impeding the construction of farmland water conservancy, and combining construction and land production to support agriculture under possible conditions.
2, to make full use of natural terrain, as far as possible to use the slope of 20 ° -25 °, and the construction of the site with good geological conditions, reduce the amount of earth and stone works, to achieve slurry or tailings self-flow or semi-self-flow.
3. The site of the ore dressing plant. For the flotation plant, it should generally be close to the main pit or wellhead of the mine to reduce the cost of the original ore transportation. However, for the re-election plant, due to the large water consumption and high water supply cost, the site is close to the water source; however, when the mine is far away from the water source, it is necessary to make a comprehensive technical and economic comparison of the original ore transportation and water supply.
4. At the same time as selecting the site of the concentrator, special attention should be paid to the selection of the tailings pond. The tailings yield of small non-ferrous metal concentrators generally accounts for 80-98% of the original ore. Therefore, regarding the transportation and stacking of tailings, it plays an important role in site selection. For the tungsten ore plant, it is also necessary to consider the site where the waste rock is piled up. The amount of waste rock is generally half that of the raw ore. The waste rock pile should be placed in the ditch valley near the concentrator as much as possible to reduce transportation costs.
5. The site of the ore dressing plant should not be placed above the ore body and below the flood level, nor should it be placed within the collapse limit and the blasting danger zone. Care should be taken to avoid areas with poor engineering geological conditions such as faults, landslides, caves and possible collapse.
6. According to the resources of the mine, when selecting the site of the ore dressing plant, it is necessary to consider appropriate development space.
5. Tailings facilities Tailings facilities are an important part of mine production and have a significant relationship with residents' safety and agricultural production. Therefore, in design (construction and production), it must be given great attention. The concentrator design must have necessary and reliable tailings treatment facilities, and a tailings storage should be provided. When designing tailings, the following factors must be considered:
1. The area of ​​the tailings pond should be as small as possible, but it must have sufficient storage volume. The most favorable terrain for the construction of tailings ponds is the valleys and depressions, and the amount of dam construction and flood discharge works is small, and the storage capacity is large. The total volume of the small concentrator is best to meet the needs of the concentrator to discharge all tailings within the design service life.
2. The setting of the tailings pond should not affect the safety of mines, cities and residential areas; it does not affect the environmental sanitation, does not pollute the rivers and does not harm the production of agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery; ensures that the tailings drainage can be clarified to the maximum extent and mixed The harmful components do not exceed the national standards.
3. The tailings pond should be set as far as possible below the concentrator to transport the tailings by means of gravity, which will reduce operating expenses.
The hydraulic conveying of tailings should use the open channel as far as possible. When it is necessary to use a combination of pressure and self-flow, the length of the self-flow part should be extended as much as possible to reduce the number of sand pump sections.
4. The initial dam of the tailings pond should be at a height of 1.5 m on the basis of the height required to ensure the clarified water distance and the flood control volume during the flood period. The initial dam height should be able to store the volume of not less than half a year of tailings, and try to use the tailings dam.
6. External water supply, power supply, transportation The mineral processing plant should have reliable water supply and necessary water supply facilities to ensure production and domestic water. Choose water sources to avoid water competition with agriculture. Where water is scarce, consideration should be given to the use of backwater or pit water. When the flotation plant uses backwater or water in the pit, tests are needed to determine the rationality of the use.
The conveying system of the water supply of the ore dressing should be as self-flowing as possible. When it is not possible to self-flow, it is generally necessary to use segmented low pressure and single pipe conveying. However, there should be a storage tank of sufficient capacity, the volume of which is generally 6-10 hours (considering the accident storage volume) of production water (re-election plant 2-4 hours).
The power supply of the concentrator should be preferentially powered by the power grid. When the external power supply is difficult, the self-built power plant should be considered.
When constructing a power plant, we should try our best to build a hydropower station or a thermal power station. When the coal and water supply is difficult and the load is not large, the diesel power station can be built. The power plant should have more than 50% spare capacity.
The concentrator uses a reliable transportation system and corresponding transportation capabilities.
The external transportation mode shall be determined after technical and economic comparison according to factors such as transportation volume, transportation distance, service life and construction conditions.
Small non-ferrous metal ore dressing plants have a small amount of transportation, and the service life is not long. If there are water transportation conditions, water transportation should be adopted as much as possible. The standard and technical conditions of the road shall be implemented in accordance with the standards set by the State.
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